The Constitution of Malaysia

Malaysia is known for its richness of multi cultural and multi-racial country which is spread amongst Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak. Despite organism nonpareil big political unit, it has variant set of towers and uprightness to comply with. Malaysia natural efficaciousity can be categorize into various root words, mainly be scripted faithfulness, unwritten righteousness and Moslem impartiality. Written law comprises The federal formalised Constitution which is the supreme law of the institute and State Constitution, a range of constitutions regulating the g overnments of thirteen states in Malaysia.Second written law is the Legislation law which is endorsed by Parliament and Legislative Assemblies at the federal and state level respectively. Final opening of written law is the Subsidiary legislation as states in the Interpretation constitute some(prenominal) proclamation, rule, regulation, order, notification, by-law or other instrument make under any Ord inance, passageway or other lawful authority and having legislative effect. Malaysia has huge amount of subsidiary legislation.Subsidiary legislation is referred to law make through powers delegated by the legislature mainly Ministers and local authorities. Only Subsidiary legislation made in a proclamation of emergency under Article cl of the national Constitution is accepted , other breaching of either a rear Act or the Constitution is voided. Unwritten law under the Malayan law is the law which is not written or found in Federal and State Constitutions. It is as healthy as not endorsed by the Parliament or the State Assemblies.Unwritten law comprises of legal decisions of the superior courts Principles of English honor and impost law. Judicial decisions using the systematical method called doctrine of seizeing judicial antecedent at the High Court, Court of Appeal and the Federal Court followed by Supreme Court can still be found in Malaysian law. Nevertheless the dec isions made by Federal Court and Judicial Committee of the Privy Council atomic number 18 still binding on the pitch court. Binding or persuasive is a process of adjudication, this is after argumentation and before the judge reaches the conclusion.The judge will formulate and hold a legal principle in accor move with certain rules to form a guide for future. The judge will provide reason for reaching a decision or the legal principles behind the decision this whitethorn bind other similar disputes in future. Binding precedents depends on the courts position in the hierarchy of the courts. These ar binding until they are converse or overruled, where else persuasive precedents are those which are not binding authorities. another(prenominal) important unwritten law is the Principles of English Law.It consists of Common Law and Equity. The common Law is the body of rules developed by the old common law courts of England which no longer exist. It is established on customs common e nd-to-end England. On the other hand, Equity is the body of incomplete rules developed as a supplement to Common Law to correct defects and to reduce the harshness. counterbalance though English Law forms part of the Malaysian law, the facts and rules stated are lonesome(prenominal) part of the entire law of English common law and rules of Equity.Principles of English Common Law and rules of Equity received and utilize in Malaysia Legal System is by virtue of the Civil Law Act 1956 (Revised01972) . Under Section 3(1) of the Civil Law Act, 1995 states that in Peninsular Malaysia, the courts shall apply the common law of England and the rules of equity as administrated in England on seventh April, 1956. As for Sabah and Sarawak, the courts shall apply the common law of England and the rules of equity, together with statutes of general application, as administrated or in force in England on 1st declination 1951 and 12 December 1949 respectively.Application of common law of England is subjected to both(prenominal) limitations firstly topical anesthetic law takes priority over common law. Common Law is applied only in the absence of local statues. It is only meant to fill up gaps in the legal system in Malaysia. Secondly, part of common law which suits the local circumstances is applied. Common Law was initially introduced to the Straits Settlements through Royal Charters of adeptice which was past extended to the Malay states through administrative arrangements. Finally the third unwritten law of Malaysian law is the conventional law.Malaysia is known as a multi-religious country, the multiracial local population of Malaysia is also a source of law which has been accepted by the Malaysian courts. for the closely part family law limits, namely marriage, divorce and inheritance are condition legal force by the courts of Malaysia. In peninsular Malaysia, Adat applies to Malays, there are two main diversities of Malay universal, the adat pepatih and adat temenggong. Adat pepatih is mainly known for the matrilineal system where else the adat temenggong is a patrilineal system of law.As for the Hindi and Chinese, prior to the enforcement of the Law Reform Hindu and Chinese customary law is applied to Hindu and Chinese respectively. The Law Reform includes abolishing polygamous marriages, since then, Chinese and Hindu customs halt release minimal to almost no effect as a source of law in Malaysia. In Sabah and Sarawak, inherent customary laws apply in land dealing over native customary lands and family matters where natives subject themselves to native customary laws. Other indigenous people of Malaysia isolated from Sabah and Sarawak are the aborigines.There is an old customary law for the aboriginal people under the law of Malaysia. In contrast to the source of law discussed previously, Muslim law or Moslem law continues to grow in importance as another source of law just like the written and unwritten law as part of Malaysian law. Government policies of absorbing Moslem values in administration by introducing Moslem banking and Islamic insurance where Muslim law and Islamic principles are applicable is part of the renaissance of Islam in Malaysia. likewise the Federal Constitution has provided that State has the power to administer Muslim Law. The head of the Muslim religion in State is the Sultan. Muslim law is applied only to Muslims and the courts which enforce Muslim law are the Syariah Courts. Malaysian Islamic law is of the Shafii school jurisprudence, as modified by Malay adat, which was discussed under customary law, Malay adat law. This Islamic law falls into two main categories the capital and secondary sources. Primary sources are Quran which is the Word of Allah and Sunnah is rules deducted from the traditions.The secondary sources are more to the means of discovering the law rather than source. These sources are Ijma which is consensus of jurists of any feature era on a juridical rule and Qiyas which are the deductions from abstract thought by ijtihad or analogy. Initially Islamic law was not include in the definition of law this was even after the independence of the union of Malaya. Federal Constitution was declared as the supreme law . forwards amendment in 1988, Article 121 Clause (1A) Syariah courts were excluded. as yet, upon recommendation from Alliance Party, a supply was added to the original draft of Reid Constitution Commission where Article 3 of Federal Constitution declares that Islam is the religion of the Federation. Article 3 appeared with necessary readiness that other religions may be practiced in peace and congruity in any part of the Federation. However there are clauses to en certainly non-Muslims civil rights are also not affected. At any official functions, Islamic way of prayers is being offered.Islam being the official religion of the federation has two main consequences, firstly, the government (federal or state) may lawfully esta blish or maintain, or assist in establishing or maintaining, Islamic institution, or provide or assist in providing charge in Islam, and incur the necessary expenditure for these purpose. Secondly, through annual fork over Acts and Enactments, may spend money on the administration of Islamic law. Also in some of the cases for marriages where a non-Muslim is involved, Islamic law takes precedence over the common law.The religion of a child from previous marriage is ascertain by the parents of the child , in the case of where the consent is not given the minor will remain in the religion of the parent at the time of marriage . Furthermore polygamy marriages are allowed with judicial permission aquiline upon application and court hearing should be with the existence of wife or wives. Judicial permission is requested only upon permission granted for marriages by the existing wife or wives. As Muslim Law is one of the main sources of law in the county, Malaysia became a member of Org anisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) when it was established in 1969.OIC is a major organization of Islamic States that voices and coherent Muslim opinion on issues which are affecting the Islamic States. Other associations where Malaysia is involved will be ASEAN where Malaysia was one of the first phoebe bird countries to establish ASEAN in 1967. It was established to work together amongst the members of the association to quickening the stinting growth, social progress as well as cultural development jointly to strengthen and prosperous with peaceful in amongst selenium Asian Nations.Also to support regional peace and stability for justice and the rule of law in relationship amongst the members countries, making sure it adhere to the principles of United Nations Charter. ASEAN also provides assistance amongst the members in form of knowledge and research facilities in the educational, professional, technical and administrative spheres. Other Malaysian appointment in ref erence to Asia-Pacific concerning economic growth is APEC which aims to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region. This is done by quintuple contrary encouragement and enhancements.Apart from regional involvement, Malaysia does have collaboration with particular country which may not be part of ASEAN or APEC to jointly enhance for the benefits of both countries. Malaysia has jointly signed treaty to work together in multiple areas with many other countries. Malaysia has been involved in relationship with countries like chinaware and India since before independence was declared in 1957. coin bank today Malaysia has been maintaining the well established relationship especially with these two countries by getting into agreement in multiple collaborations.Chinese is the second largest race in Malaysia followed by Indian since they were brought in by the British Empire before independence. Chinese migrated to Malaysia immensely as coolies in tin m ining industry and rubber plantation. Although it is express that Chinese have been in Malaya since Malacca Empire in fifteenth Century . Today, 25% of the country populations are Chinese which are made up of various dialect groups such as the Hokkien, the Hakka, the Cantonese, the Teochew, the Hainanese, the Hokchiu and etc. who have intermarried extensively with each other.The Chinese have dedicated media and publication moving-picture show for example quotidian newspapers, dedicated Chinese wording radio post and daily circularize from all terrestrial television stations . Till date Chinese communities still perform traditional art, the lion dance and the dragon dance mainly during Chinese current yr. Chinese New Year is declared as a national public holiday where there Chinese celebrate the New Year by fulfilling most of the tradition and cultural activities. However the fireworks or firecrackers are part of the Chinese culture which has been ban in Malaysia due to safe ty reason .For the Chinese, apart from the myth that says firecrackers are to frighten away the Nian, it also signifies a triumphal time of year which is an important element of Chinese New Year rejoicings . On the other hand, the Indians started migration to Malaysia for the purpose of plantation labour, traders, policemen and colonial soldiers. Some communicative Indians were also brought to work in the British colonial government . However just like the Chinese, it is said that the Indians have been here from more then 500 years ago.Initially the Arabs and the Indians mainly the Indian Muslims from Gujerat came to Malaya as traders and merchants. Now the Indian population in Malaysia is 8% which is made up from Tamil, Malayalam, Telegu, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujerati and etc. Just like the Chinese, Indians also have dedicated media and publication exposure of daily newspapers, dedicated Indian language radio stations and daily broadcast from all terrestrial television stations. Th is is mainly in Tamil language as 80% of the Indian communities are the Tamils (South Indians) .Diwali aka Deepavali is the most significant celebration of Indian community where national holiday is acknowledged for. Fireworks during Diwali are to marque several significant , however in respect to the law it is not legally practiced in this country. Another tradition not being legally practice is gambling under Act 495 Betting personation 1953. Among other tradition obstructed by the Malaysian law is the architecture of a Sikh Gurdwara should not have a dome to parry the Muslims to mistaken that for a mosque .

Grade Thinking

Thinking as a pursual In Thinking as a Hobby, William believes that most sight are come in three thinkers. Grade three thinkers tend to feel, and not to think. Golding gives an example of his teacher Mr. Houghton, who would always talk about good life, sexless, and throw in of duty, while his neck would turn of itself if a girl passed by the window (164). I think he is right most pot will speak or do without speaking.For example, William says in his essay, A labour of grade-three thinkers, all shouting the same thing, all warming their hands at the fire of their own prejudices, will not thank you for pointing out the contradictions in their beliefs (165). I have known of people speaking their minds, and not sympathize with if it hurts the other person. To be a grade-three thinker is to live the unexpected life. bingle particular individual that he describes in this passage is a civilise teacher by the name of Miss pastor. He feels that Miss Parson pretended to care, and to be concerned for her class.Actually, the only concern she had was finding her a husband. To me, grade three thinkers are considered immature and selfish. When you sweat to reason with them, they any respond one of two ways, they get mad and turn it into a shouting match or they get defensive. I thought William did a good job on describing grade three thinkers, because it describes most people. masses only care about themselves, and not how it may affect others. Also, grade three thinkers, often think everything is true and will fight with anyone if they try to prove them wrong. Overall, William Golding did an excellent job on grade three thinking.

Are We Happier Than Our Forefathers?

Long years ago tense up was never a part of anyones dictionary. However, now it is the most super C news used by everyone ranging from a 13-year- aged child to a 95 year old adult. What is the reason behind the frequent usage of this word in the modern times? Earlier, primitive creation survived on denudate essentials of animation & yet he was prove free but right away even though technology has gifted a luxurious life to man we are stressed. Earlier man had to roam from federal agency to place in search of food & shelter.To sidereal day the modern man buns even work by sitting at home through with(predicate) technologies handle laptops & cellular phones. Yet today man has been confronted by confused diseases & has to tackle stress. Why is it that a primitive man working some(prenominal) times harder than the modern man had time for pleasure activities but a modern man has to make work his leisure and work to no end. Technology & modern equipments were to make mans life stress free & relaxed but instead it had has adverse effects on mans life.A few centuries man had not even perceive of fatal diseases like aids however today every seek & technology is being to find a treatment for this disease. Man has gear up medicines & treatments for the tiniest of the creatures on this earth but yet has failed to discover a cure, which would scavenge the life of a fellow mate. Science and technology has made it realistic to reach the moon but is it of any use because we dont relieve oneself time to go & even meet out old parents who have taught us what a moon is & how to reach there.These facts make me think, be we happier than our forefathers? in my opinion we are not as happy as they were. Our forefathers lived a stress free, contented & happy life but today these words are only seen in the dictionary. If we desire to live like our forefathers then it could only be possible in the Himalayas because in this foundation we require money for minimal n eeds & necessities & to earn that also we have to work very hard. Working hard would mean work during the day accompanied by work through the night. Is this called being happy?

“The Snob” By : Morley Callaghan

The reason that canful ignores his get down in this story is he thinks that thanksgiving wouldnt handle him because, she only the alikes ofs and appreciates the people in her sieve. When earth-closet first notices his father in the store his coat was impel open, dickens buttons on his shirt were undone, his grey hair was too long, and in his rather shabby clothes he seeed very much like a working man, carpenter perhaps made him resent his father more so than normal.John and his mother told him over 100 times that when he was in public that he should be dressing in his becoming clothes. He was worried that Grace is going to see him dressed like that and judge him and his family based on the appearance of his father. John wants to drive a good impression on Grace and k directs that if she was to meet his father in the state he was in the book store Grace would look at throne a different focussing.At the end of the story when john is taking his anger out on Grace because h e is now regretting ignoring his father, Grace says Who likes to spend very much time in a department store on a hot afternoon? I start to hate every person that bangs in to me, everyone near me. What does that make me? John says That makes you nozzle. John is accusing Grace of being a snob because of not wanting people to bump in to her. He doesnt want to admit what he did he so he takes it out on her. I think that John is the meetual snob in this story.For making accusations about Grace not liking the agency his father looks. Doing what he did to his father just to try and impress almost girl was not right. By ignoring his father and pretending that he never saw him in the book store, just to avoid a authority awkward in counter with Grace seeing his dad like that makes John look like the snob. As well as Grace had no idea what was going on or why John was acting so angry at the end of the story. In the two stories The Snob and cardinal fishermen both of the mens integrity is tested.In Two Fishermen when the man was put in the position of having to stand up for a new friend he has made that is innocent or act like the crowd did and was over against him for what he did he was unable to stand up to the crowd witch lead him to flee the area never to seen again so his identity wouldnt be taken from him. This also goes for John in the story The Snob. He has to choose whether he will interject Grace to his father dressed the way he was or not. In the end he doesnt end up doing it and Johns father has to walk away feeling hurt due his sons way of going about dealing with a situation.

Pride and Prejudice Narrative Techniques Essay

The passage focuses on the dialogue between Elizabeth and Jane days after they received news about the digression of the Bingleys and Darcy. In this essay, I will explore the themes, the narrative techniques used and the whole tone of the involved characters. Austens dramatic form of writing is an attractive disport of Pride and Prejudice. The novel is dialogic in nature the dialogue between Jane and Elizabeth is a representation of their personalities and characters and Austen has purposefully juxtaposed Elizabeth opposite Jane to show the stark contrasts in their personalities, as well as their views and beliefs.Jane is protrayed as the good-natured and forgiving child in spite of being upset that Bingley had left her, she does not blame him just praises him as the most amiable piece of music and blames herself instead for her error of come across. She thinks the best of others, Bingley in this case, that he is not guarded and circumspect despite his wealth. Her turn in f or Bingley is genuine as she sees the virtues in him but she accepts the fact that he may not love her, I have nada zilch to reproach him with.The themes of love and class are raised here, as Janes words indicate her resignation and acceptance that her love for a man in an upper class is not reciprocated. This reflects how class boundaries and prejudices limit love and happiness during that time. This also indirectly reflects the social standing of women they are anticipate to behave in a certain manner that does not sabotage their reputation, as doing so otherwise would result in a miserable reputation and possible ostracism, I will not repine. It cannot last yearnwe shall all be as we were before. She subscribes her friend, Charlotte, as having true up feelings for Mr. Collins, despite his narcissistic and pompous character an indication of her maybe naive view that true love is simple and has nothing to do with practicality and materialism, it is a most legal matchshe ma y feel somethingfor our cousin. But what she does not shoot openly, ascribable to suspicions that Bingley may have left her due to her social inferiority, is that much(prenominal) practical love does exist. Both sisters are aware of this, which is why twain are reluctant to bring up Bingleys name during the dialogue, I have met with two instances lately one I will not mentionFocalisation, a narrative technique is employed by Austen here, as the narrative voice deliberately omitted Bingleys name and referred to him as Netherfield and its subdue. Although the opening paragraph is narrated from an omniscient third-person view, Elizabeth is the focaliser this evokes reader empathy towards the sensitivity of Bingleys departure. Elizabeth, however, is uncivilized with both Bingley and Charlotte. She disagrees with Jane that Charlotte has feelings for Mr.Collins as she feels that no one with a worthy way of thinking would marry such a man. She thinks that it is a lese majesty to pr inciple and integrity that Jane suggested the possibility of true feelings from Charlotte to Mr. Collins and that Charlotte had betrayed love itself as her act of marrying Mr. Collins is not the proper way of thinking. Elizabeth feels that Charlotte get hitched with Mr. Collins for reasons other than love, maybe selfishly for status and wealth, You shall not defend herthat selfishness is prudenceDeep in her heart, Elizabeth wishes to believe in Janes deluxe views on true love, To oblige you, I would try to believe nearly any thing but reality has shown her that conventional love is influenced and circumscribe by class boundaries and practicality. This reflects how marriage was the vehicle of self-improvement and wealth learnedness for women during Elizabeths day (and olibanum Austens). Elizabeth views human deportment as inconsistent to their actual feelings and that appearance is not a good indicator of virtue or sense.It also adverts as an irony of her own behaviour towar ds Darcy, as inconsistent to her eventual feelings for him. Elizabeths views of love remains discriminatory at this stage, a structured irony staged by Austen to serve as a milestone to chart Elizabeths maturity subsequent in the novel. However, Elizabeths burst of outrage, It is unaccountable In each view it is unaccountable , can also be read as displaced anxiety and anger as she is very uncertain of her own susceptibility to escape a similar fate of being dumped resembling Jane due to possible social inferiority or having to marry for practical considerations like Charlotte.This is not openly mentioned by Elizabeth in the passage but when she subtly mentioned that, And men take care that they should, it could be interpreted that she wished to meet a man who would admire her for the correct reasons. Janes words, It is very often nothing but our own vanity that deceives us foreshadows the maturity in Elizabeth she is at the moment prejudiced against Darcy when she had a poor fi rst impression of him and thus unable to recognize his virtues.Later in the novel, Elizabeth would slowly let go of her vanity her misplaced pride and prejudice to realise a pinnace and mutual love between herself and Darcy. In conclusion, Austens dialogic prose gives personalities to both Jane and Elizabeth, revealing the conscious and unconscious natures of the sisters, as well as their hidden impulses and repressed longings. (Walder, 1995, p54) (884 words) References Austen, J. Pride and Prejudice. ed. by J. Kinsley, Oxford Worlds Classics. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2008. D. Walder, eds. The Realist Novel. London Routledge in fellowship with the Open University, 1995.

Ethical Theories Chart Essay

Complete the chart below using information from the weekly readings and additional research if necessary. Include APA formatted in-text citations when applicable and list all references at the bottom of the page.Ethical TheoryUtilitarianismDeontological virtuousness ethicsDefinitionA system of ethics according to which the proper(a)ness or wrongness of an swear out should be judged by its consequences. The goal of utilitarian ethics is to promote the superior happiness for the greatest number (Define Utilitarianism, 2005). Utilitarianism is making a termination that benefits the about amount of people/society.Deontological means duty, h peerlesssty, promise keeping, and fairness no matter what the consequences are (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Virtue Ethics is a classification in spite of appearance Normative Ethics that attempts to discover and classify what skill be deemed of deterrent character character, and to apply the incorrupt character as a base for ones choices and a ctions. (Gowdy, 2011). Ethical thinker associated with theoryThe ethical thinker/thinkers associated with utilitarianism are Jeremy Bentham and throne Stuart Mill.Emmanuel Kant (Trevino & Nelson, 2011).Aristotle (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Decision-making processThe decision making process is to Identify all of the possible stakeholders and what would be the consequences theharms and benefits. Make a list of pros and cons and the best ethical decision is one that is of the greater ethical for the most amount of people.The decision making process is figuring out what determine and or obligations are important to you, and base your decision on what is cover not what is best (Trevino & Nelson, 2011).The goal here is to be a good person because that is the type of person you wish to be and keep moral values or virtues in any action or decision. (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). oeuvre exampleA few employees inform their boss that they do not feel light working with a co-worker who was blame d for talking about hugger-mugger information, and the manager decided to terminate that employees employment.A workplace example would be telling your boss the truth even though you might get a fellow co-worker in trouble. If we see a person being sexually harassed on the job it is our moral responsibility to help them and follow through with our decision. This is a virtuous action. acknowledgmentDefine Utilitarianism. (2005). In New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Retrieved from http//dictionary.reference.com/browse/utilitarianismGrowdy, L. (2011). Virtue Ethics. Retrieved from http//www.ethicsmorals.com/ethicsvirtue.htmlTrevino, L., & Nelson, K. (2011). Managing business ethics Straight talk about how to do it right (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ Wiley.Utilitarianism. (n.d). In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism

Frederick Douglass’s Slave Narrative Authenticity Essay

ROUGH DRAFT Storytelling has always been prominent among the human tend ever since the oral tradition was schematic and the first written actors line came to be. It is not uncommon for a person to share their experiences, feelings, and thoughts through literature. The grimness of these accounts often are not questioned. In 1845, Frederick Douglass publish his narration, Narrative of the heart of Frederick Douglass, an American knuckle down.Through theme and word of mouth, Douglass achieved international fame. Despite all of this, the grimness of the slave memoir genre has come into question. Skeptics and naysayers claim that this genre of writing is fantasized, and use Olaudah Equianos narrative as a prime example. Although The evoke Narrative of the career of Olaudah Equiano has questionable history validity Douglass writings father been affirmed by William Lloyd fortress, a prominent American abolitionist, in the preface.It has similarly been published and categoris ed as an autobiography. Accordingly, it is established that Douglass writing is non-fiction, therefore, it mustiness be authentic. Being that the narrative was prefaced by William Lloyd Garrison, an exceptionally outspoken anti-slavery advocate, and author of William Lloyd Garrison and the Fight against Slavery, it would be almost impossible to claim that Frederick Douglass claims were falsified.Garrison indited, I am confident that is it essentially true in all its statements that secret code has been stigmatize down in malice, nothing exaggerated, nothing drawn from imagination that it comes piffling of the reality, rather than overstates a single fact in regard to thraldom AS IT IS which conveys that he had complete and total trust towards Douglass (Which is a well behaved display of character on Douglass behalf). Therefore, William Lloyd Garrisons regard for Frederick Douglass does nothing but further prove the believability of Douglass auto-biography.The authenticity of N arrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is also substantiated by the writing being categorized as an autobiography. As things go, auto-biographies are considered to be non-fiction. If Douglass writings were untrue, it would be relatively easy to disprove his written accounts because of all of the factual information take in order to produce an autobiography. Frederick Douglass is also credited with the writing of his routine autobiography, My Bondage and MyFreedom(1855), and his third, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass(1881). The print is comprised of detailed experiences, places, people, and events that are historically accurate. Because of this, Douglass experiences are considered to be factual information. By the same token, Frederick Douglass first autobiography was also a published work. Douglass Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave went through the process of publication in 1845, and was ultimately published by the Amer ican Anti-Slavery Society.In order to publish a non-fictional piece of literature, the piece must benon-fictional. In the best interest of authors and publishers alike it would be comic to compose and publish a fictional text and write it moody as a work of non-fiction. Considering that the memoir received publication status, it is established that the publisher did not see it as a risk to their well-behaved name, and that Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave is authentic. In essence, Frederick Douglass piece is undoubtedly unbiased, authentic, and legitimate.The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave was not only published & categorized as an autobiography, but it was also endorsed by a high-principled source, William Lloyd Garrison. Many Caucasian autobiographies of the 17th-18th century are not besieged with criticism, such as Daniel Defoes catch Ross The Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies, Commonly Called Mother R oss, on Campaign with the Duke of Marlborough(1740). It could be possible that the criticism of the slave narrative genre is truly a form of discrimination, rather than genuine mistrust.

Hca/250 Change and Innovation Paper

accommodation and Innovation Paper HCA/250 Change and Innovation Change and Innovation In todays economy we meet see numerous amounts of change especially within the workplace. Some of these changes consist of bare-assed technology, procedures, as well as equipment, which rear end eccentric a potentiometer of misunderstandings amongst dedicate employees. According to the scenario given a major health bring off governing body has decided to use electronic medical records (EMRs). The employees in this organization are resistant to change, specifically changes that shake off to deal with technology.There are several(prenominal) ways that an employer can resolve websites like these and convert it into a compulsory that will benefit the celerity. Within the workplace it may be knockout for employees to adapt change due to being confined to their usual agenda. to a fault most may find it highly difficult to manage the ad alonement in using electronic medical records (EMRs) , because thats training that present and future employees would have to complete in order to be certain to use this new technology.Also acknowledge that many of these facilities today rarely exsert on-the-job training, which is time that employees have to appoint in order to be up to date with their place of employment which many may not have. Therefore, giving us an understanding why employees would be resistant toward the expert changes within the workplace. Being that I am a recreational coach at my current place of employment I too have to deal with the questions and concerns of current employees who may have an issue with certain changes.Some strategies that I consider helpful is to start by finding out their reasonableness for not wanting to confine to the new changes and hopefully see if on that point is a reasonable conclusion that can possibly resolve the situation at hand. Also, stating the present reason(s) for the change, Change and Innovation giving the employee an explanation on how it will benefit the set as well as themselves. afterward doing so if their cool off in take issuement Id still encourage them to perform their duties to their fullest potential.It is not guaranteed that an employer can please all of its workers, only if make it to where they at least feel comfortable performing their duties in that particular work environment. So it is good to follow through with the figure plans, so that employees are aware of their new goals and how to manage their performance for the break good of the company. So why are rough employees resistant toward organisational change? There can be multiple reasons for this.Many may disagree with certain changes that are being made, time management may cause conflict to a cumulation of schedules, due to the fact that many of us do inquire a second job, or it can just be that they may not like the new ideas of change for their aver personal reasons. It is understandable that employees may hav e issues with certain adjustments especially if its going to affect other things they may have going on. For example, at my place of employment we had recently made the decision to keep our facility open later on the weekends because we realized we make more amplification mainly on the weekends.Whereas making such change has affected some of our employees being that some of them work second jobs strictly on the weekends parenthesis from this one, along with others who have children and are not able to find child care that could keep their children until eleven oclock. So it has created a lot of conflict for some of our employees where we had to come to an agreement on how we could work rough their second job schedules and their availability. Having to adjust to certain employees availability is where Human Resources can play a role in adapting and managing change.They have the ability to rotary forth ideas and solutions on how to keep the necessary change in make Change and In novation as well as assisting their workers with managing their work schedules and extras that may hinder them from fully achieving the necessary changes within the work environment. Giving some other example from my place of work, we have recently got the approval to expand our facility so we can add more amenities for our customers enjoyment. Therefore, Human Resources have aken it upon themselves to hire flex time workers in order to cover the shifts that our fix workers cannot. However, it all works out for the better good of our facility by increasing the success from the management of innovation and change. Reference 1. http//smallbusiness. chron. com/innovation-change-business 2. http//www. leadership-and-motivation-training. com/strategies-for-managing-change 3. Coulter, M. , DeCenzo, D. , Robbins, S. (2011). Fundamentals of care Essential Concepts and Applications. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education. Published Prentice Hall.

Foxconn

Just when peremptory news near Foxhounds efforts in improving the melting conditions of its Sheehan factories for the take formers and increasing hire was heard this year, the workers riots in September 23, 2012 at the Foxhounds mainland chinaware (Shania) manufactory sparked an separate(prenominal) world(prenominal) come to the forecry (Roberts, 2012). Foxing is a multinational company based in Taiwan and is oneness of the worlds largest electronics manufacturing company. One of the major(ip) clients of Foxing is apple some others include Sony and Hewlett Packard (Wisped, 012).According to reports by China Labor Watch (201 2), some of the unfair treatment and victimisation carried out by Foxing factories in China include excessive extra time hours, forcing workers to work voluntary extra time, maintaining an extremely high aim of work posture by siteting the daily production quotas, exercise discrimination by hiring provided young and healthy workers, and creating a dodge in which semi come toicial resignation is nearly impossible and the only way out is to voluntarily/ resign hence forfeiting a signifi arouset amount of their final reinforcement (China Labor Watch, 2012).Due to increasing pressures from the media c bothwhereage of the suicide lessons of its workers and from its image-conscious client (orchard apple tree Inc), it was claimed that Foxing had make efforts to emend working conditions by increasing wages of workers and instituting a program c each(prenominal)ed Care-Love (Northern, Culpa and Ghent, 2011). However, later Foxhounds suicide incidents sub human faced, in 23 September 201 2, it was announced that Foxing Taiwan factory had to shut down production for the day ascribable to rioting of the workers. The causa involves just about 2000 workers, with more than(prenominal) than 40 hospitalized.It was reported that he riot was sparked off by a dispute in the midst of two workers, but intimately likely repayabl e to tensions surrounded by the guards and workers (Roberts, 2012). This was because the origin ally insignifi crumbt argument between the workers escalated into a riot involving the collective rebellion of thousands of workers only after the bail guards of Foxing interfered aggressively with force, causing the situation to get out of hand to the berth of requiring 5000 policemen to be dispatched to control the angry workers (Pilling, 2012).This riot has raised concerns about Foxhounds coarse and heavy-handed ways in managing the errors as mentioned by Geoffrey Charcoal, Research coach at Hong Songs China Labor Bulletin. It was reported that the guards constantly monitored the workers closely and r fiercely to them in an authoritative manner. in that location were no communication between the workers and guards, whereby the workers were expected to follow orders and rules without k straighting the reasons (Roberts, 2012).Also, the workers work long hours and sleep in dormitor ies with poor conditions (Ho and Culpa, 2012). It was suspected that the Foxing Taiwan factory workers were forced to work overtime hours to et up with the production due to the recent launch of orchard apple trees anticipates (Pilling 2012). According to a worker interviewed, it was known that Foxing has shifted its production of phones to the factory in Taiwan (Ho and Culpa, 201 2) and its Sheehan factories were now foc apply on product development (Roberts, 2012).Hence, it seems like though Foxing did cleanse the situation in its Sheehan factories, its efforts were only limited to the two factories in Sheehan and the other in Changed that were under inspection by Fair Labor linkup and under extensive media coverage, hill neglecting its other factories distributed around China. Foxing has around a million workers working in its 13 factories in China (Yen, 2012) and has been expanding its factories into provinces turn up in the interior of China such as Taiwan, Squeezing, Human and cocoon (Roberts, 2012).The shift in production may be because excavate is about one-third inexpensiveer in inner provinces of China (Northern, Culpa and Ghent, 2011 Sociological systemal Interpretations for the Foxing Worker Riots The workers riots in Foxing Taiwan factory could be understood from many perspectives, however it all boils down to modernization and capitalism which gave rise to a complex fraction of labor with an exploitative nature. It all started the rise of a new external division of labor, one that was characterized by the relationship between post-industrial nations and newly industrialised nations, based on using (Serene, 2006).In fact, accord to bolshie theory, the underlying logic of capitalism is development (Howard, 2002). While capitalisticics (owners of production) compete to stay competitive and to come upon the most profit, workers compete to extend the cheapest labor possible, often impelled to the level of subsistence. This IS because i n this global ere securities industry economy, it is determined based on the excerpt of the fittest. When in that location are winners, in that respect allow always be losers.We bottomland view this international division of labor as a bout in which on one side post industrial nations unendingly experience wealth accumulation through the services and presentments they provide via products manufacture with minimum toll, while on the other side the newly industrialized nations are continuously cosmos exploited through their provision of cheap labor and resources (Serene, 2006). However, nations are also interdependent based on modernization and dependency theories.Modernization theory states that modernity is deprivationed for the economy to prosper and and then nations need modern technology to break out of poverty (Serene, 2006). evolution nations need to open up and welcome foreign capital into their mart as they will bring in the needed expertise and incumbent tech nology to prosper. Thus, newly industrialized nations compete to attract transnational companies to invest and set up factories in their nations. However, these message go the cheapest labor possible.At the resembling time, dependency theory states that the poorer and newly industrialized nations were pendent on the post industrial nations, as they brought jobs needed for survival and capital to drive the economy, which also brought command and exploitation (Serene, 2006). Hence, based on the case in the previous section, it can be interpreted from this international division of labor that Apple Inc seems to be the extensivegest winner, while Foxing is second to it and the major losers would be the China workers. Apple is the capitalist owner that owns and controls all the products under its brand such as phone 5.In order to achieve the greatest efficiency and net production cost, Apple adopts the dead of outsourcing based on the division of labor and national specialization, whereby e real an phone is genuinely a global effort (Serene, 2006). E. G. The phones start out being developed and designed by Apple engineers in California, the sourcing of the components and materials ambit out to different parts of the world, using parts from nine major suppliers in five countries and then assembled by Foxing in China (The read/write head Times, 2012). Thus, Foxhounds role is simply just one of the manufacturers employed by Apple to assemble its products.Apple has the biggest share of the profits, to Foxing. Whereby Apple is the overarching power, dominating Foxing, in turn Foxing dominates the workers due to pressure from Apple to meet production begs and cost budget. In the case illustrated, the workers in Foxing Taiwan factories were rushing out the phones for Apple, due to increasing popularity direct to increasing demands since the launch of the phones. With the market mechanism driven by demand and supply, Apple had to keep up with the demands of thei r products by producing enough supply.Foxing had no selection but to exploit its workers by making them ark overtime hours of almost 80 hours per month, past the legal limit of 36 hours with hourly wage of around 1 Euro (Deutsche Well, 201 2), and workers were required to sign an overtime working agreement preliminary to employment that claims that Foxing is not responsible for their long hours of working. This voluntary agreement was actually used to overrule Chinese State regulation (Change, 2010). The reason was due to the competitive nature bred in the capitalist system and drop off market economy.Adam Smith mentioned that aspiration drives efficiency, but Marx also mentioned that capitalism reared a running(prenominal) crisis of profit for owners (Serene, 2006). Indeed, due to increasing competition from competitors such as Samsung, lift up with its Samsung Galaxy SO, Apple felt the pressure to speed up its productivity and at the equal time maintaining the affordability Of its products. Like all Other multinational corporations, Apple is constantly in search for manufacturers that would allow it to incur the lowest cost. Hence, if Foxing proved to be no longer competitive in offering the lowest manufacturing cost, it will soon be re short letterd.Driven by competition and need for profit too, Foxing had to maintain business contacts with Apple and remain attractive to investors and outsourcing companies by constantly relocating its factories to cheaper venues once wages cost too high, even if it means exploiting the workers in order to stay viable. This is because it was either Foxing passing the cost of the products on to the customers like Apple which obviously will deter them away, resulting in sledding of profits, or Foxing trying to stamp down the cost of the product.Hence, since most production cost including distribution and physical materials are rather inelastic, the only way was to reduce manufacturing costs and this was passed on to t he workers meaning lesser wages with more work done (China Labor Watch, 2012). Next, this brings us to the role of the newly industrialized countries (Nick) in this international division of labor, countries that actually compete to attract these capitalists like Apple and Foxing, to relocate their manufacturing plants in their countries with abundant cheap labor. One of the Nick would be China.We can try to understand this worldwide competition to be driven by the idea of comparative advantage introduced by David Richard (Serene, 2006). After Chinas communist leader, Eden Ixia Ping launched the open door policy in China (Chance, 201 0), China obviously had a comparative advantage over the other countries with its huge supply of low cost and unrecognized skinflint workers, due to the introduction Of the household based contract system (Stating propel Changeable Zeroing) that allowed millions of peasant workers from the rural areas to work in urban factories set up by transnationa l companies (Chance, 2010).China joined in the global competition characterized by the phenomenon race to the bottom (Serene, 2006), gather with other countries to compete to offer the lowest labor cost possible. That was also the start of the far-flung labor exploitation in China by the multinational corporations (Macs). Like the other Macs, Foxing saw Chinas abundant cheap labor attractive. Foxing Taiwan factory is just one of the many factories Foxing has in China.According to dependency theory, China allowed Foxing to exploit its workers as the state depended on Foxing to create jobs. This can be understood with modernization theory too, whereby Foxing locating their factories in China ill bring in the technology needed to modernize, income to the state through taxation, and create jobs for their spate who will help drive their economy. Modernization and dependency tend to happen side by side (Serene, 2006).Hence, the dependency between the state of China, Foxing and Apple in t he division of labor as explained above and the competitive nature of the capitalist system adopted throughout the world, resulted in exploitation of the workers in Foxing Taiwan factory to be an inevitable consequence of the free market economy. victimisation led to build up pressure in the workers causing them to riot. This can be understood from Marxist theory of rising contour spirit (Serene, 2006).Capitalism resulted in growing divide among the people between the rich and the poor, the correctly and the powerless, the people that own and control production and those who could only obey orders silently. Hence, in that respect was a tell apart division in Foxing itself, a division between the exploited workers and the managers, supervisors, guards and all those who have control over the workers. These workers felt oppressed. Their every action was monitored closely by the guards who often use violence on them if they did not obey the ales and orders (Ho and Culpa, 2012).The manager criticized those that too slow and did a unstable job, however good performance was never praised. Hence, workers knew they would never advance no matter how hard they work. There was no freedom of speech, only obedience. There was even a slogan hung on the factory walls, Outside the laboratory, on that point is no high technology, there is only obedience and discipline as a kind of corporate culture Foxing promote (Deutsche Well, 2012). However, the workers did not interpose their jobs due to their position as vulnerable deskilled workers which an be understood from Marxist theory (Serene, 2006).They worked up to a minimum of 10 hours a day on their routine monotonous work at high intensity, only stopping to eat and sleep (Change, 2010). Overtime, their deskilling work makes them vulnerable as they were tardily replaced. Thus, the workers were willing to get exploited rather than lose their jobs. The heavy cater turnover also makes long-lasting relationships impossibl e, their whole day were spent on nothing but working, left with no time to socialize at all. They came from rural parts of China and live in the on-site dormitories, furthermost away from their families.With no social safety net, these workers have no place to turn to if they lose their jobs which makes them even more vulnerable and manipulative by the capitalists. The assembly-line work had slowly euthanized the workers (Ramey, 2010). Slowly, a sense of alienation was developed in the workers (Serene, 2006). While the cost of living had increased, their income only managed to increase slightly. The Foxing workers were working on parts of the phone that meant nothing to them as they could not afford them at all.Overtime, these alienated and oppressed workers felt greater solidarity as they belonged to the same exploited class. It was a sense of organic solidarity among the workers, according to Druthers (Serene, 2006). At the same time, with the increased deflect of communication devices, social media and increased level of education, there was growing awareness of the better lifestyle richer people around China and other parts of the world led, causing a build-up of dissatisfaction and increased class consciousness.The young workers in Foxing were generally better educated hence they were more aware and assertive of their rights and had higher expectations for work (Roberts, 2012). All these feelings within he workers had contributed to the riot on 23 September 2012. When the guards of Foxing Taiwan factory used force to attempt to control the workers dispute, it led to the outburst of the growing dissatisfaction of the workers with more than 2000 workers joining in to rebel (Ho and Culpa, 2012).Recently, there had been news that another 3,000 4,000 workers were tough in a strike in Foxing Squeezing factory on 5 October, 201 2, Friday afternoon. The reasons were suspected to be due to the unhappiness from the over-exacting quality controls and demands to work through the week- Eng National Day holidays (Reuters, 2012). Hence, it seems like it is evident that there is a growing class consciousness among the Foxing workers due to reasons as explained above. Also, probably due to uprising of riots in China that made them feel embolden and the need to rise up using collective efforts to make their rights known.Globalization and the Widespread maturation of Labor in China Globalization has allowed the boundaries of national borders to be worried down, it was no longer about individual states, and instead they have coordinated into one single global economy (Chance, 2010). The resultant effect was that the global economy has divided the world into only TV classes. The powerful core, made up of wealthy nations, the state government, transnational companies that continuously experience wealth accumulation, and the neglect periphery, made up of struggling poor nations and the working class people who are exploited by the powerful core (S erene, 2006).With this phenomenon, the people could no longer find themselves being protected by the state, because in this global economy, there are only two choices to be neglected at the periphery or to join the powerful core. Hence, with globalization and the widespread capitalism, the states have decided to join the powerful core with the other elites, service the multinational companies fulfill their insatiable greed for profit, in turn back up themselves fulfill their own needs and wants, ultimately for profit too.The widespread exploitation of the China workers in Foxing all boils down to the state of China being in cahoots with Foxing to fulfill their greed for profits in this one big global economy. Hence, there is a high possibility that the problem lies in the ineffective enforcement of law by the authorities in China. The reason crapper this conclusion is the question of why the state did nothing to stop the exploitation of its people, despite being aware of the situ ation and why no one had successfully filed a lawsuit against Foxing (Yen, 2012).China adopts a socio-political system incorporating ideas of the capitalist system, free market system and party-state authoritarianism with different government branches integrated unneurotic to ensure the centralization of power. This is to enable easy penetration into the judicial system to undermine justice. Hence, it is not possible for checks and balances ender the centralized system China creates, which makes it very convenient for the authorities who have close relationship with Foxing to manipulate according to their benefits (Yen, 2012).Apteral, China would not hope to force Foxing to retreat from China with all its factories and investments, when Foxing is such a major taxpayer to China and that would mean that more than a million of its people working in these Foxing factories will be unemployed. However, there is the possibility that the exploited workers could harness the power of globali zation, to effectively utilize the influence of he new media to let their situation and rights be known.

Learning Disabilities Essay

Puzzling is the circumstance teachers usage to describe assimilators with goldbricking disabilities. They tell us that these students run across entirely normal, seem intelligent, carry on intelligent conversations that they outweart calculate to any distinct than otherwise students. Yet these students subscribe to hassle doing certain projections non all- in disciplinedayshouse. Some open impediment see others perform inadequately in recite still others take in frequent mistakes in math. Teachers in or so inculcates tell us that these students argon genuinely hard to teach that they simply do not learn in the alike(p) agencys or as easily as others their age. They tell us that these students redeem picky needs and be not easy to teach in large classes in which roughly other students perform reasonably well. They tell us that modifying instruction so that these students coffin nail profit from tenet is an intricate influence.Beca utilisation of the heterogeneous nature of this concourse of electric s endurerren, the purpose of specific instruct disabilities has been hard to define or describe in hardly a(prenominal) sentence or by a numerical fall guy much(prenominal) as an IQ or by a hahnium loss. Further much than, beca exercise the field has been of interest to educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, neurophysiologists, pediatricians, ophthalmologists, optometrists, oral communication pathologists, and others, the problem has been mickleed in each of those discip casts from varied perspectives. Hence at that place is really the need for whatsoever(prenominal) comments for development disabilities and then we skunk conclude that its explanation is delimit in dis run away case to case basis.Definition of learnedness DisabilitiesHistori look fory, the following bourns were utilise to name youngsterren with acquirement disabilities perceptually handicapped brain injured neurologically impaire dThen, there came twain broad aspects of concern in defining and or identifying those baberenbiological etiology- stripped-down brain dysfunction, psych whizzurological study disorders.conduct develop cordial disparity in psychological processes, developmental im easeThe interpretation of schooling disabilities in an commandal pre delay has derived its heritage from neurology psychology speech pathology ophthalmology remedial interlingual rendition Wiederholt (1984) has traced the score of Learning dis force and has delineated three dimensions of disorders namely(1) disorders of the verbalise linguistic process analyse in the beginning by neurologists andophthalmologists such(prenominal) as Samuel Kirk develop a test, the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, for use in describing language military ope symmetryn and developing remedial programs.disorders of create verbally language represented intimatelyly by psychologists, speech pathologists, and educat ors such as Grace Fernald constituted a clinic at UCLA where she perfected remedial reading and spelling techniques.disorders of perceptual and repulse behaviors studied mostly by a figure of disciplines such as Goldstein, Werner and Strauss as pi cardinalers of the field which listed thefollowing behavioral characteristics that differentiated amongst those with andthose without brain injuries lush motor activity, hyperactivity,awkwardness and consistently brusk motor performance, erratic behavior, pitiableorganization, high distractibility and faulty perceptions (like reversals) and Samuel Orton was a neurologist who believed that insufficiency of cerebral lateralisation was a cause of language disorders. (In normal respective(prenominal) either the go away or right side of the brain has dominance in compulsory specific functions.) Cruickshank focused his efforts on the study of brain-injured children, specifically children with cerebral palsy. Getman, Marianne Frostig, untriedell Kephart, and jibe Barsch focused on the correlation of perceptual disorders and developed remedial procedures ranging from optometric meat exercises, tracing and copying types, and differentiating figure from back object in a puzzle, to qualification angels in the snow. Today, there be various provinces in Canada that commit established programs for information disabilities which was instituted for example by The Ontario Ministry of statement Saskatchewan Department of Education Halifax get along with of Education and Quebec Ministry of Education exclusively the most widely used definitions is the ane incorporated by theLearning Disabilities Association of Canada or LDAC (2002) which state that, the termLearning Disabilities refer to a number of disorders which whitethorn arrogate theacquisition, organization, retention, reasonableness or use of verbal or nonverbalinformation. These disorders affect makement in individuals who otherwisedemonstrate at leas t average abilities inwrought for thinking and/or reasoning. Assuch, cultivation disabilities are distinct from spherical intellectual deficiency.Learning disabilities result from impairments in 1 or more processes related toperceiving, thinking, remembering or knowledge. These imply, however are not restrictto language touch on phonological processing optical spatial processingprocessing speed memory and attention and executive functions (e.g. planningand decision-making).Further, LDAC mentioned that knowledge disabilities range in severity and may interfere with the acquisition and use of one or more of the followingoral language (e.g. listening, speaking, arrest)reading (e.g. decoding, phonetic knowledge, word recognition, comprehension)written language (e.g. spelling and written impartion) andmathematics (e.g. computation, problem solving).Further, the U.S. Department of Education regulation further states that a student has a specific acquirement dis efficacy ifthe student does not get to at the proper age and ability levels in oneor more of several specific areas when provided with appropriate discipline experiencesthe student has a severe discrepancy amongst achievement and intellectual ability in one or more of these seven areas (a) oral expression, (b) listening comprehension, (c) written expression, (d) basic reading skill, (e) reading comprehension, (f) mathematics calculation, and (g) mathematics reasoning.To summarize, all these definitions of tuition disabilities, it includes the following major modelsThe individual has a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes. (These processes refer to intrinsic demand abilities, such as memory, auditory perception, ocular perception, oral language, and thinking.)The individual has barrier in nurture, specifically, in speaking, listening, committal to writing,reading (word-recognition skills and comprehension), and mathematics (calculation and reasoning.)The problem i s not primarily due to other causes, such as visual or comprehendimpairments motor handicaps mental retardation emotional disturbance or economic, environmental, or cultural disadvantage.A severe discrepancy exists between the students evident effectiveness for development and his or her low level of achievement. In other words, there is evidence of underachievement. The various definitions of instruction disabilities arrest several elements in crudeneurological dysfunctionuneven growth pattern hassle in academic and larn assignsdiscrepancy between potential and achievementexclusion of other causes Identification of Learning DisabilitiesIn identifying individuals with skill disabilities, the following popular characteristics must be observed Disorders of attention Hyperactivity, distractibility, poor concentration ability, short attention span scummy motor abilities Poor fine and gross motor coordination, general awkwardness and clumsiness, spatial problems perceptual an d information processing problems Difficulty in discrimination of auditory and visual stimuli, auditory and visual closure, and sequencing Oral language concentratedies Problems in listening, speaking, vocabulary, and linguistic competencies chastisement to develop and mobilize cognitive strategies for learning Lack of organization, active learning set, metacognitive functions Reading difficulties Problems in decoding, basic reading skills, and reading comprehension indite language difficulties Problems in spelling, handwriting, and written composition Mathematics difficulties Difficulty in quantitative thinking, arithmetic, time, space, and calculation facts and Inappropriate hearty behavior Problems in friendly skills deficits, emotional problems, and establishing social relationships. in that location are also other applicatory classification schemes that are useful(1) the academic learning disabilities ( reading, arithmetic, handwriting, spelling, and written expression)(2 ) the developmental learning disabilities ( attention, memory, perceptual skills,thinking skills, and oral language skills)A roughly more formatic way to look at characteristics of students with learning disabilities is to look at those factors referenced in screening devices. The following outline reflects the types of difficulties practically observed in learning alter students(1) importantly different class room behaviors obstruction in beginning or finishing tasksdifficulty in organizinginconsistent in behaviordifficulty in peer relationships(2) signifi firetly below-average performance in auditory comprehension and listeningdifficulty in following poseionsdifficulty in comprehending or following class discussions softness to retain information received aurallydifficulty in understanding or comprehending word meanings(3) signifi dismisstly below-average performance in spoken languageuse of incomplete sentences or unusual number of grammatical errorsuse of immature or improp er vocabulary or very(prenominal) express mail vocabularydifficulty in recalling words for use in self-expressiondifficulty relating isolated facts, scattered ideasdifficulty in relating ideas in logical chronological achievemention(4) signifi cornerstonet academic problemsdifficulty in reading fluencydifficulty in associating numbers with symbolsincorrect ordering of letters in spelling admiration of manuscript and cursive writingavoidance of readingconfusion of math concepts rundown, multiplication(5) orientation difficultiespoor time concept, no clench of meaning of timedifficulty in navigating around building or school groundspoor understanding of relationships (big, little, far, close, under, on, near) inability to learn solicitudes (north, south, left, right)motor disabilities or significant underdevelopment for agepoor coordinationvery poor balanceawkward, poorly developed manipulative or manual dexteritylack of rhythm in movementsIII. Intervention for Learning Disabil ities. This knowledge of the characteristics of learning modify students is one basis for intervention. Thus, we induct seen that children with learning disabilities compose quite a diverse conference. It should be no surprise then to find that the learn and strategies uprisees designed to armed service those children are also quite a diverse. But it is possible to cluster the various approaches into three broad schoolingal strategiestask training, in which the emphasis is on the sequencing and simplication of the task to be learned. Ysseldyke and Salvia (1984) have advanced tow theoretical ensamples namely (a) analyzing the childs abilities and disabilities and (b) analyzing the task and the direct training of the terminal behavior or task.This view is back up by behavioral analysts who advocate (1) finding out what the child can and cannot do in a particular skill, (2) determining whether or not the child has the behaviors needed to succeed in the task, (3) defining the g oals in discernible hurt, and (4) organizing a arrangementic remedial program using reinforcement techniques. The employ behavior analysts do not infer processes or abilities that underlie difficulties further rely solely on the childs interactional history and the on-line(prenominal) behavior and environmental situation. They feel that their approach, which is task oriented and observable, is the most parsimonious approach, and to some it is the plainly approach needed.ability or process training, in which the focus is on the cure and simplification of the task to be learned.Quay (1983) discussed the relative efficacy of ability or process training. He say that three approaches to remediation have evolved (1) remediating a disability so that learning give be facilitated at a later date, (2) training and ability or process for its own sake, and (3) direct training of the task. He concludes that the direct instruction method (task training) should be tried frontmost and t hen toss out in favor of other methods if direct instruction is not victorful.ability or process-task training, in which the first two approaches are combined and corporate into one remedial program.Raschke and Young (1986) suffer this approach. They compared the behavior analysis model with the diagnostic-prescriptive model. They state that neither approach alone has the answer and propose what they call a dialectic-teaching approach into one system. Essentially the model assesses the abilities and disabilities of the children (intraindividual diffences), makes task analyses of the skills to be learned, and prescribes remediation in the functions and skills to be developed. This dialectic system they maintain permits the teacher to assess, program, instruct, and evaluate the childs psycholinguistic characteristics in the same system as his skill competencies and consequential variables.Hence, the task of developing a definition of learning disabilities erectd to be a formid able challenge. Indeed, defining this population is considered such an overwhelming task that some have likened learning disabilities to jurist Potter Stewarts comment on pornography impossible to define, barely I know it when I see it.Thus, defining learning disabilities in a way acceptable to all has keep as a debatable issue since the inception of the field. Although a number of definitions have been generated and used over the years, each has been judged by some to have some shortcomings. There are many types of disabilities, each of which may require a droll diagnosis and a unique remedial method.POSITION PAPER The definitions of learning disabilities are numerous and so varied that it is difficult to present taxonomy or even a specific list of these different definitions. The definition of learning disabilities is a problem in much of the nations without the world. This problem first came out when some parents in the United States became concerned because their children w ho were not learning in school were rejected from finicky command since they were not mentally mentally retarded, deaf or blind, or otherwise handicapped. Their children were called by various names such as neurologically handicapped, brain-injured, aphasodic, dyslexic, and perceptually handicapped.In spite of its current far-flung use, the term learning disability is vulnerable to misunderstanding and misuse. The condition is difficult to define operationally since the designation learning disability is an umbrella term for a shape of deviations that are not included in traditionalistic categories of exceptional children. Also it has been confused with general learning problems that are common to some degree in most children. In addition, it has been misused to include nurtureal retardation, which is found in slow learning children and in children who have not learned because of poor teaching or absence from school. other(prenominal) vulnerability of the term comes from the difficulty in drawing an explicit line between normal and abnormal. Some allowances must be made for biological and psychological diversity, and considerable variation in abilities is accepted as normal.So, the foreland now is, If there are objections to the term learning disabilities, why use it? Why not use some other term? swell up and good, if a better term can be found. Other cost are either too specific or too broad. Dyslexia for example, provided refers to severe reading disability and it is not the only learning disability. consciousness injury has little or no educational relevance. Perceptual handicaps fend off children with language disorders.Hence, the label learning disability has evolved to encompass the heterogeneous free radical of children not fitting neatly into the traditional categories of handicapped children. And that, substantial number of children show retardation in learning to talk, do not acquire other communication skill, do not develop normal vis ual or auditory perception, or great difficulty in learning to read, to spell, to write, or to make arithmetic calculations. Some of them even, are not receptive to language but are not deaf, some are not able to perceive visually but are not blind, and some cannot learn by ordinary of method of instruction but are not mentally retarded. Although such children are from a heterogeneous group and fail to learn for diverse reasons, they have one thing in common they do not perform as well in school as they could.Discussing the problem and the difficulties of names for these children, Kirk (1963) explained that sometimes classification labels exclude our thinking. He further say that it is better to state that a child has not learned to read than to say the child is dyslexic. So he advised that the name should be functional. He purported further that since the parents were interested in service to their children, it might be preferable to use a term related to teaching or learning a nd that the term learning disability might be preferable over the currently used terms such as cerebral function and brain injured. The term learning disabilities were agreed by these parents and they consider it more appropriate since it implied teaching and learning and since they were interested primarily in service for their children.So, one of the major problems of definition is that a learning disability is not as obvious or homogenous as blindness or deafness. There are many types of disabilities, each of which may require a unique diagnosis and a remedial method may vary differently from another condition also termed a learning disability. It is no wonder that many students, teachers, and parents have become confused about the term learning disability and the characteristics of children so labeled. This confusion appears to be international and is illustrated by the remarks of a teacher who, in testifying to a government committee studying the subject (Learning Difficulties in Children and Adults, 1986), stated I find myself asking the following interrogations What does the term learning difficulty mean? Does the term learning difficulty mean the same as learning disability? How about the term dysfunction? What does the term borderline brain dysfunction mean? Do they all mean the same? Certainly, all these labels are not necessary, or are they? Does labeling a child with learning problems create more problems? It all becomes a bit puzzlingThe terminology changes very much, varies from state to state and from country to country.Out of these definitions, came my own definition of learning disability Learning disability describes a result quite a than the cause of the learning disability. Therefore, the conditions we call a learning disability is defined in terms of the students difficulties what he can and cannot do in school and focuses primarily on the academic performance. So, one cannot be labeled as learning disable if he has not and started formal schooling as the label learning disabled indicates that a student is having unusual learning difficulties and involves speculations to possible causes, but it specifically indicates that the primal cause cannot be a condition such as mental retardation, hearing or visual impairment, and so on.Learning disabilities should be identify in the formal school context. Thus, preschoolers should not be labeled as learning disabled as growth rates are so un harbingerable at young age, In addition, very young children who appear to have problems may be identified under a noncategorical label, such as developmentally delayed. For many children, learning disabilities first become apparent when they enter school and fail to acquire academic skills. The failure often occurs in reading, but also happens in mathematics, writing, or other school subjects. Among the behaviors frequently seen in the early elementary years are inability to attend and concentrate poor motor skills, as evidenced in the awkward handling of a pencil and in poor writing and difficulty in learning to read. In the later elementary years, as the curriculum becomes more difficult, problems may emerge in other areas, such as social studies or science. Emotional problems also become more of an impediment after several years of repeated failure, and students become more conscious of their poor achievement in comparison with that of their peers. For some students, social problems and inability to make and keep friends increase in importance at this age level.A radical change in schooling occurs at the secondary level, and adolescents find that learning disabilities begin to take a great toll. The tougher demands of the junior and senior high school curriculum and teachers, the turmoil of adolescence, and the continued academic failure may combine to intensify the learning disability. Adolescents are also concerned about life after completing school. They may need counseling and guidance for college, career, and vocational decisions. To worsen the situation, a few adolescents find themselves drawn into acts of juvenile delinquency. Because adolescents tend to be overly sensitive, some emotional, social, and self-concept problems often accompany a learning disability at his age. nigh secondary schools now have programs for adolescents with learning disabilities.Many teachers in Canada suggested that we supplant the label learning disability, and merge it with the emotionally disturbed and the educable mentally retarded and only deal with the child from an instructional point of view by defining learning tasks so that they can be taught step by step. I strongly contradictory with this suggestion. Though maybe it is possible for the child with severe learning disability, but this approach is not sufficient to mild learning disabilities students.This is one of the greatest sources of controversy about the identification issues. The question of how much academic and learning ret ardation is evidenced before an individual should be identified as learning disabled. Aside from identifying children with learning disability, it is very important to judge the extent of a childs learning disability as either mild or severe. Determining the level of severity is supportful in placement and in planning teaching delivery. I strongly suggest that students with mild learning disabilities should be presumption different remediation from those of students who have severe learning disabilities.At this point, it is very crucial to differentiate the two cases. Mild learning disabilities describe the problems of many students. Students with mild learning disabilities usually have a disability in just one or two areas of learning, and although they need supportive help and circumscribed teaching, they can probably get along at least for part of the day in the steady classroom. So, within the perpetual classroom, the fixing teachers should often make changes in instruct ion that exit benefit these students.On the other hand, students with sever learning disabilities pose a very different problem and they require quite different educational services. These students are promising to lag significantly in several areas of learning and to have concomitant social, emotional, or behavioral problems. They need the environment of a circumscribed(prenominal) classroom, should touch mainly with one teacher, and should be given special services for most of the day. Because of the intensity of their problems, the special class should be given fewer students than the rule-governed classroom. I suggest the 13 teacher to student ratio is the best to maximize and hasten the remediation process. However, students with severe learning disabilities can gradually be mainstreamed for special subjects or activities or dictated in the resource room, or even back in the mend classroom as their progress permits.Because of these definitions teachers, guidance counci lors, and other school personnel, play the biggest role in identifying, diagnosing, remediating or treating this kind of disability within the school context. So any teaching/service delivery should best fill the requirements needed to serve properly learning disabled students within the continuous classroom. Hence, learning disabled students should be treated or given remediation within the given school context with the greatest help of the unbendable classroom teacher but the guidance of the learning disabilities specialist. So, it is implied that each school should have a learning disabilities specialist.With this, a change in the administrative arrangements for the placement for instruction of children with learning disabilities is a must. It is important to take melodic phrase that in the past, the rapid growth of special education was in the direction of removing atypical children from the mainstream of standard classroom and placing them into special education programs. Even the invariable education supported this movement which maybe because the responsibility of educating children with a variety of learning problems is transferred to the domain of special education, and that would really lighten the snip reduce of regular teachers. But that should not be the case and I do not support that movement.The trend should be reversed and all students with learning disabilities should be brought back into the regular classroom with the regular students and in the men of the regular teacher with the help of the learning disabilities specialist. A number of movements and researches support this claim.The influential movement that supports this claim is the REI or the regular education world-class led by Madeline Will, the director of special education in the U.S. piece of Special Education in 1986. She stated that this initiative is designed to labor collaborative efforts among regular and special educators and shared responsibility (Will, 1986). In this initiative, regular and special educators were encouraged to pool their talents and coordinate their efforts in planning and teaching. I greatly support this initiative as the underlying premise of this concept is that students learning disabilities can be more successfully taught in the regular education classroom than in special education classes or resource room.By promoting the merging of special and regular education, the regular education initiative reflects a major change in the way students with learning disabilities are identified, assessed, and educated. The approach is supported by many special educators (Lloyd, Singh, & Repp, 1991 Maheady & Algozzine, 1991 Biklen & Zollers, 1986 Greer, 1988 Reynolds, Wang & Walberg, 1997). A specific example is, more than fifty years ago, Samuel Kirk, in his presidential address to special educators, emphasized that all teachers (regular and special educators) have the responsibility for teaching learning disabled children. Kirk imp lored that every teacher is a teacher of learning disabled children (Kirk, 1941). He further wrote the following in reality the education of exceptional children is not wholly the responsibility of any one group of teachers .It is hoped that in the future all special class teachers entrust not only be responsible for the education of children in their classroom, but willing take on the added responsibility of contributing their knowledge and special skill to the regular classroom teacher who (has0 many learning disabled children in (the) classroom. (Kirk, 1941)In 1968, Lloyd Dunn wrote an influential article about the benefits ofhaving special educators work with regular teachers in serving learning disabledchildren (Dunn, 1968).Another view to change the administrative arrangement in special education is to group children with different disabilities together for instruction. This categorical system in special education historically evolved as the field of special education deve loped. Each course of instruction of disability (such as visual impairment, hearing impairment, mental retardation, orthopedic disabilities, speech disorders, emotional disturbance, and learning disabilities) became established individually over the years when there was sufficient interest in that particular area of exceptionality. This concept emphasizes the common characteristics among students with disabilities and the common instructional methods for teaching students with various disabilities. In this system, students with learning disabilities, behavior disorders, and mental retardation are often grouped together.Some parents and special educators are concerned that children with learning disabilities might be lost in the shuffle of this kind of placement, if such classes become a dumping ground for students with a variety of unrelated problems. The resulting diversity of learning and behavior problems would immobilize teachers in helping students with learning disabilities. But this view is also opposed by a number of authors and has even provoked unusual levels of confusion, emotion, and turn within the special education community (Jehkins & Pious, 2001). Moreover, other special educators and parents, express concern regarding the regular education initiative movement and caution that more study is needed before making full-scale and far-reaching changes in procedures and policies that will affect the lives of students with learning disabilities (Lloyd et al., 1991 diary of Learning Disabilities, 1988 Cannon, 1988 Kaufman, Gerber, & Semmel, 1998 McKinney & Hocutt, 1988, Lerner, 1997).But these opposing views have no substance and should be disregarded altogether. Fuchs & Fuchs (2000) have conducted research on the perceptions of and attitudes toward the regular education initiative among both regular and special educators. These studies suggest that neither regular nor special education teachers are dissatisfied with the current special education de livery system. In fact, the teachers favored the resource room model over the consultant model. Many of the teachers saw no profit in the achievement levels for either special or regular education students as a result of the regular education initiative reforms. The success of the initiative depends on the support of regular and special teachers (Semmel, Abernathy, Butera, & Lesar, 1991 Coates, 1989). Moreover, the research prove that merely shifting the responsibility from the resource room teacher to the regular or a consultant is not enough to ensure the success of the reform.Hence, major policy changes in regular education profoundly affect students with learning disabilities. Several recent national study commissions on the poor quality of schools serving the learning disabled students. It is my fear that, most schools pursuit for academic excellence standards will left tin can students with learning disabilities or they will be the losers. Being unable to satisfy the educa tional standards set by the pursuit-of-excellence movement, some students with learning disabilities will be denied a high school diploma and thus be denied the prospect to complete their schooling. Further, if regular teachers are held accountable for the academic excellence of their students, they will be reluctant to accept the responsibility for hard-to-teach students. Some special educators predict that the push for excellence may serve to widen the schism between regular and special education (Pugach & Sapon-Shevin, 1997).Hence, it is my challenge to educators and healthcare professionals to undergo another education reform movement where school curriculum requirements for the learning disabled should be added to the current curriculum standards for the regular students. So in this recommendation for curriculum changes, a greater consideration should be given for the learning disabled students. But this should be within the context of the regular education curriculum.This ap proach is same with the integration of regular and special education. Some special educators also are now urging that the integration process should be taken much further that the current special education system should be drastically restructured and that regular and special education should be merged into a single system (Kauffman & Trent, 1991). Such educators cite several reasons for changing the current system. Special education, they maintain, is not effective when it occurs outside of the regular classroom. In addition, the physical separation of students with disabilities is demeaning and degrades instruction. These special educators maintain that integrated special education is more effective than separate programs.So the delivery options for teaching students with learning disabilities should also include regular classes and resource room classes. This approach is concomitant to the observation that successful adults with disabilities have learned to function substantia lly in society as it exists an unrestricted environment composed of all people. To promote experiences in the greater society, it must be ensured that, to the extent appropriate, students with disabilities should have experiences in school with regular (or non-special education) students.Since society includes the family, parents too should not be forgotten as an important element in the entire complex. fires are a vital component in the students education. These parents of children with learning disabilities need help in accepting their situation. Mental health professionals should help make parents be aware that the problem must be face both by the child and by other members of the family. In addition to an honest acceptance of the disability, there must be recognition that progress is often a slow process.So any approach concerning children with learning disability should establish healthy parental attitudes and ensure parent-teacher cooperation is of course, very necessary. P arent support groups and family counseling are effective in assisting parents understand their children and their problems and in finding ways to help their children within the home. In addition, parent-teacher conference can become a bridge between the home and school and can involve parents in the educational process.Learning disabilities is now at a crossroads, as it seems to have been throughout its thirty-year history. Many innovative ideas are only in their beginning stages and will develop more fully in the years to come.The approach I suggested as discussed in this paper is one of those ideas. It is very important for this approach that more students with learning disabilities are served through regular education. In addition, there should be more collaboration between special and regular educators. A consequence of all of these shifts is that the responsibilities of learning disabilities teachers will change to meet the new demands.ReferencesBush, W., and Giles, M.(1979). A ids to Psycholinguistic Teaching. Columbus, Ohio Charles E. Merrill.Clements, S. (1986). Minimal conceiver Dysfunction in Children. Public Health Service Publications. Department of Health, Education, and offbeat Washington, D.C.Dunn, L.M. nad Smith J.O. (1987). Peabody Language Development Kits. Levels P, I.II.III. Circle Pines, Minn. American pleader Service.Fernald, G.M. and Keller, H. (1971), The Effect of Kinesthetic Factors in the Development of Word Recognition in the Case of Non Readers. Journal of Educational Research 4355-357.Getman, G.H. (1985). The Visuo-Motor Complex in the Acquisition of Learning Skills. Learning Disorders, Volume 1. Seattle Special Child PublicationsGellingham,A. and Stillman B. (1986). remedial Training for Children with circumstantial Disability in Reading, Spelling, and Penmanship, 5th ed. Cambridge, Mass Educators make Service.Hegge,T., Kirk,S. and Kirk, W.(1986). Remedial Reading Drills. Ann Arbor, Mich. Geroge Wahr.Hirsch,E. (1983). Train ing of Visualizing Ability by the Kinesthetic manner of Teaching Reading. Unpublished masters thesis. University of Illinois.Karnes,M., Zehrbach, R. and Teska, J. (1984). The Karnes Preschool Program Rational curricular Offerings and Follow up Data. Report on Longitudinal Evaluations of Preschool Programs, vol. 1 95-108.Kirk, S.A. (1963). behavioral Diagnosis and Remediation of Learning Disabilities. In Proceedings of the Conference on Exploration into the Problems of the Perceptually Handicapped Child. Chicago Perceptually Handicapped Children.Kirk, S.A. and Elkins, J. (1985) Characteristics of Children Enrolled in the Child Service Demonstration Centers. Journal of Learning Disabilities 8 630-637.Learning Difficulties in Children and Adults. (1986). Report of the House of Representatives Select Committee on Specific Learning Difficulties.Lombardi, T.P., and Lombardi, E.J. (1987). ITPA Clinical Interpretation and Remediation. Seattle Special Child Publication.Minskoff, E.D., Wis eman, and Minskoff J. (1985). The MWM Program for growing Language Abilities. Ridgefield, N.J. Educational Performance Associates.Orton, S.J. (1978). Specific Reading Disability Strphosymbolia. Journal of the American Medical Association 901095-1099.Spalding, R.B.AND Spalding W.T. (1987). The Writing Road to Reading. Morrow New York.Strauss, A.A. and Lehtinen. (1987). Psychopathology and Education of the Brain- Injured Child, vol. II. New York Grune and Stratton.Weiderholt, J.L (1984).Historical Perspectives on the Education of the Learning Disabled. In L. Mann and D.A. Sabitino, eds. The Third Review of Special Education. Philadelphia JSE Press.

Psychology of Body Language

Navarro, Joe. (2008, January 1). Fast forces of attraction. Retrieved from http//www. psychologytoday. com/clauses/200712/fast-forces-attraction Pitch correlates only loosely with height, but is near tied to hormone levelsmeaning its a good indicator of profusion or dominance, as rise as health and winsomeness. In general, bulk with attractive voices have attractive faces, says David Feinberg, a psychologist at McMaster University. (pg. ) This is interesting because well one the use of the word correlation in this statement make me think of the correlation research method. Did they do actual research? And therefore I go along to where David Feinberg made his statement, and I believe this is untrue because once again each persons perception is different, I then continued to think of the saying you have a face for radio it except seemed contradictory. Accents affect our perceptions, as do speed and pitch. We judge fast talkers to be more educated, and those with varied in flection to be more interesting.Men pick out higher voices in women, and women like deeper voices in men (especially when ovulating or sounding for a short-term relationship) (pg. 1) When the word perception came about I straight thought of the Cognitive Prospective. Thats why our brains have set us up to draw instantaneous inferences from tiny nuances of behavior, what psychologists call thin slices of judgment. We form first gear impressions of anothers attractiveness in a tenth of a second, generating a symphonious burst of desire in which everything from voice to wit plays a recess ( pg. ). This office made me think that they used the Biological Prospective to explicate the reasoning and help make it easier to see. People like people whom others dress attractive. You might be inclined to think its because socializing with (or sleeping with) the It daughter enhances your own status in the crowd. (pg. 2) Right here is a spacious example of the Socio-cultural Prospect ive. Its all about where you stand in our troupe today, and by this statement it is easy to see because it is very true.Its seems most unornamented in college students, seeing it firsthand. Most of us are drawn to those who occur from our own side of the tracks, and men and women are marrying within their social sectionalisation much more than ever. (pg. 2) Again a perfect example of sociocultural Prospective. But ask 5,000 people and light-headed patterns emerge. Some traits have widely distributed sex appeal because theyre markers of good genes, health, and fertility a fit body, clear skin, a symmetrical face with average-sized and -shaped features, and traits that mark sex hormones (pg. ) Now this section exemplifies the Evolutionary Prospective because people, even unknowingly, look for these traits because they want theyre proceeds to be the strongest the fittest, which made me think of Darwinism. The strong will survive. The stronger, healthier, smarter, and most at tractive evolve, the stay alive and most importantly pass their genes on. Summary this article was quite interesting, it talked about all aspects of attraction and explained from various prospectives of psychology. It talked about fleshly attributes such as looks, voice, health ect, to the mental part of attraction.

The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Twenty-Four

Giggling, Bonnie tripped on her way shore the stairs, her foot flood tide right-hand(a) start of her high-heeled shoe.Here you go, Cinderel a, Zander said, picking up the shoe and kneeling in front of her. He helped slip her foot back into it, his fingers crank and steady against her instep.Bonnie gave a mock curtsy, muffling her laughter. Thank you, mlord, she said flirtatiously.She matte up fabulous, so sil y and happy. It was almost as if she was drunk, plainly shed only had a few sips of beer. No, she was drunk. Drunk on Zander, on his kisses, his gentle hands, and his big coloured eyeball. She took his hand, and he smiled beat at her, that long slow smile, and Bonnie alone absolutely quivered.Seems interchangeable the partys wrapping up, she said, as they hit the first floor. It was authorized y getting late, almost two oclock. There were only a few groups of hard-core partiers left a bunch of frat boys by the keg, some theater-department girls dancing with great wi de swoops of their spikes, a couple sit hand in hand at the bottom of the stairs in deep conversation. Meredith, Stefan, Samantha, and lethargy had disappeared, and if Elena had ever shown up, she had left, too. Zanders friends had gone, or been kicked out.Good-bye, good-bye, Bonnie caroled to the few citizenry who remained. She hadnt in truth y gotten a chance to talk to any of them, just now they al looked perfectly nice. Maybe next time she went to a party, shed perplex longer and real y bond with people she hadnt met before.Look at al the new friends her friends had made on campus. Bonnie gave a special(prenominal) wave to a couple of people shed seen Matt with lately a shortish guy whose name she estimation was Ethan and that girl with the dark curls and dimples. non freshmen. She loved everyone to darktime, but they deserved it most, because they had seen what a wonderful guy Matt was. They waved back at her, a little hesitantly, and the girl smiled, her dimples de epening.They seem real y nice, Bonnie told Zander, and he glanced back at them as he opened the door.Hmmm, he said noncommittal y, and the look in his eyes, unspoilt for a minute, made Bonnie shiver.Arent they? she said nervously. Zander looked away from them, back toward her, and his secure bril iant smile spread across his face. Bonnie relaxed the coldness shed seen in Zanders eyes must fox been right a trick of the light.Of course they are, Bonnie, he said. I just got distracted for a sec. He wrapped his strengthen around her shoulders, pul ing her close, and dropped a kiss on the top of her head. She sighed contentedly, cuddling up against his side.They walked together companionably for a while. Look at the stars, Bonnie said softly. The night was clear and the stars hung bright in the sky. Its because its starting to get colder at night that we can see them so Well. Zander didnt answer, only made a hmming run low deep in his throat again, and Bonnie glanced up at him fin ished her eyelashes. Do you want to get breakfast with me in the morning? she asked. On Sundays, the cafeteria does coiffure-your-own waffles, with lots of different toppings. Delicious.Zander was staring off into the distance with that same half-listening face he had the last time they walked across campus together. Zander? Bonnie asked cautiously, and he frowned down at her, biting his lip thoughtful y.Sorry, he said. He took his arm off of Bonnies shoulders and backed away a few steps, smiling stiffly. His wholly body was tense, as if he was about to take off running.Zander? she asked again, confused.I forgot something, Zander said, avoiding her eyes. I have to go back to the party.Oh. Il come with you, Bonnie offered.No, thats okay. Zander was break from foot to foot, glancing over Bonnies shoulders as if, suddenly, hed rather be anywhere than with her. Abruptly, he surged forward and kissed her awkwardly, their teeth knocking together, and then he stepped backward and turne d, manner of walking in the other direction. His strides lengthened, and soon he was running away from her, vanish into the night. Again. He didnt look back.Bonnie, suddenly alone, shivered and looked around, peering into the darkness on al sides. She had been so happy a minute ago, and now she felt cold and dismayed, as if she had been hit with a splash of freezing cold water.You have got to be kidding me, she said aloud.Elena was shaking so hard that Damon was afraid she talent just shake herself apart. He wrapped his arms around her comfortingly, and she glanced up at him without real y seeming to see him, her eyes glassy.Stefan she moaned softly, and Damon had to fight down a sharp stab of irritation. So Stefan was overreacting.What else was new? Damon was here, Damon was with her and supporting her, and Elena require to realize that.He was tempted to grab Elena heavily by the chin and make her real y look at him.In the old days, he would have done just that. Hel , in the o ld days, he would have sent a blast of Power at Elena until she was docile in his hands, until she didnt even remember Stefans name. His canines prickled longingly just thinking of it. Her blood was wish wine.Not that expecting Elena to give in to his Power meekly had ever worked curiously Well, he admitted to himself, his oral fissure curling into a smile.But he wasnt like that anymore. And he didnt want her that way. He was trying so hard, although he detest to admit it even to himself, to be worthy of Elena. To be worthy of Stefan, even, if it came right down to it. It had been comforting to final y have his baby sidekick looking at him with something other than hatred and disgust.Well, that was over. The tentative truce, the beginnings of friendship, the brotherhood, whatever it had been among him and Stefan, was gone.Come on, princess, he murmured to Elena, helping her up the stairs toward her door. Just a little farther. He couldnt be sorry they kissed. She was so beauti ful, so alive(predicate) and vibrant in his arms. And she tasted so good.And he loved her, he did, as far as his hard assayt was capable of it. His mouth curled again, and he could taste his own bitterness. Elena was never going to be his, was she? plain when Stefan turned his back on her, the self-righteous idiot, he was al she thought about. Damons free hand, the one that wasnt cupping Elenas shoulder protectively, tightened into a fist.Theyd reached Elenas room, and Damon fished in her traveling bag for her keys, unlocking the door for her.Damon, she said, turning in the doorway to look him straight in the eyes for the first time since before Stefan caught them kissing. She looked pale stil , but resolute, her mouth a straight line. Damon, it was a mistake. Damons heart dropped like a stone, but he held her gaze. I know, he said, his voice steady. Everything wil work out in the end, princess, youl see. He forced his lips to turn up in a reassuring, confirmative smile. The sm ile of a friend.Then Elena was gone, the door to her room shutting firmly behind her.Damon spun in his tracks, cursing, and kicked at the wal behind him. It cracked, and he kicked it again with a sour satisfaction at the feeling of the plaster splitting.There was a muted grumbling coming from behind the other doors on the floor, and Damon could hear footsteps approaching, someone coming to investigate the noise. If he had to deal with anyone now, hed probably kil him. That wouldnt be a good idea, no matter how much he might enjoy it for the moment, not with Elena right here.Launching himself toward an open hal window, Damon smoothly transitioned to a crow in midair. It was a relief to stretch his wings, to pick up the rhythm of flying and feel the breeze against his feathers, lifting and supporting him. He flew through with(predicate) the window with a few strong beats of his wings and flung himself out into the night. Catching the wind, he soared recklessly high despite the darkne ss of the night. He needed the rush of the wind against his body, needed the distraction.